A thermodynamic analysis of the Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) is presented based on the first law of thermodynamics to find out the effect of the organic fluid selection on the cycle efficiency and power output. Different configurations of ORCs with and without Internal Heat Exchanger (IHE) are used. The criteria used to choose the optimum working fluid are discussed and many different organic fluids are compared in terms of the Thermal efficiency and power output. The results obtained show that higher efficiencies are obtained for ORC with IHE configuration, and that the organic fluid R123 has the most favorable performance, for which the Thermal efficiency of ORC is 14. 2 and 13. 28 with and without IHE, respectively. Moreover, the work output of ORC is about 50 kJ/kg, which is the highest when R123 is used as an organic fluid.

Heat generation in an exothermic reaction during the curing process and low Thermal conductivity of the epoxy resin produces high peak temperature and temperature gradients which result in internal and residual stresses, especially in large epoxy samples. In this paper, an optimization algorithm was developed and applied to predict the Thermal cure cycle to minimize the temperature peak and Thermal gradients within the material of an industrial epoxy model during the curing process. An inverse analysis was used to obtain the new coefficients of Kamal’ s equations for the model. To validate and verify the developed model, temperature profiles for several points of the material in the model were obtained by numerical simulation and compared with the previously experimentally measured data. With validated curing simulation, the mentioned inverse analysis and optimization algorithm were utilized to find the Thermal curing cycle with several isoThermal holds and temperature ramps. The new objective reference was proposed for the first time and used to optimize the cure cycle, which subsequently produced the same temperature profiles for all points. The results showed that the obtained optimized Thermal curing cycle was most effective to decrease the peak temperature as well as temperature gradients of the material.

Due to the rapid industrialization and development across the entire globe, there is the increasing demand for energy. However, the energy sources from fossil fuels are not abundant in every part of the world. India has to import fuel from other parts of the world which consumes a major portion of Government funds. So, currently improving solar energy technologies efficiency is one of the most promising researches in India. This study is mostly about life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) air collectors. All the important parameters like Energy payback time (EPBT), Energy production factors (EPF), Lifecycle conversion efficiency (LCCE), Embodied energy, Life cycle cost assessment (LCCA) and carbon emissions are investigated in this study as well. The role of these parameters in the LCA study is depicted in this study since LCA greatly impacts the effectiveness and cost of PVT air collector. Results revealed that the EPBT, GPBT, EPF, and LCCE are in the range of 0. 8 to 14 years, 1 to 4 years, 0. 4 to 22, and 0. 10 to 2. 86.

Background: Energy, especially electricity, is one of the most important infrastructures of modern life. Electricity generation is a necessary and inevitable activity. However, it is associated with environmental impacts. Among different types of power plants, Thermal power plants have significant environmental impacts due to the use of fossil fuels. Methods: Among Thermal power plants, combined cycle power plants, which are the dominant method of generating electricity in Iran, have lesser environmental impact. So far, different methods have been used to study and evaluate the environmental impact of combined-cycle power plants. However, the life cycle assessment (LCA) method is an appropriate, complete, and new way to quantify the impacts. This method can quantify and assess the impacts in different categories, including health impacts (impacts on human health). This method is based on the ISO 14040 standard. According to the object (health impacts), three methods have been selected to characterize and assess the impacts, including Impact 2002, EPS, EDIP, and for this purpose, SimaPro software has been applied. Findings: Among the characterization methods, only the EDIP method has a normalization coefficient and provides the possibility of comparing the classes of effects. Based on the EDIP method, the normalized quantity of air pollution toxicity, water pollution toxicity, and soil pollution toxicity are equal to 3-E8/3, 3-E8-27, and 6-E9-24, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained for the combined cycle power plant studied in this search (Shahid Rajaei power plant), the most health impacts are caused by air pollutants, after that, soil pollutants, which are mainly due to the entry of treated effluent of the power plant, have the largest share in health impacts, and finally water pollutants are the next priority in creating health impacts. The identified health impacts of the Shahid Rajaei combined cycle power plant include respiratory problems, lost years of life, malnutrition and reduced work capacity, exacerbation of angina pectoris, and exacerbation of asthma.

There is growing concern about the release of pollutants from the use of fossil fuels. These concerns have led to the increased use of renewable energy sources and green energy carriers such as hydrogen. This paper evaluates a new hydrogen production system using a solar energy source. For this purpose, the concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) system is used for the first time as the driver of the proposed hydrogen production system. The first and second laws of thermodynamics and the conservation of mass and energy are used to simulate the system. The results show that the PV production power is 1529.4 kW, the turbine output power is 1015.3 kW, the pump consumption power is 126.5 kW, the hydrogen production is 6 grams per second, the energy efficiency is 8.84% and the exergy efficiency is 36.77%. On the other hand, the parametric analysis shows that increasing the nominal efficiency of the PV panel increases the PV power generation, in addition, increasing the ambient temperature decreases the PV power generation. Also, increasing the fluid quality at the evaporator outlet increases the energy efficiency and exergy.

Background: Animals have an internal biological clock with melatonin hormone that helps them to adapt to light/dark circles. Since melatonin is associated with an alteration in the expression and production of opioid receptors, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of changes in the light/dark circles on pain sensation in rats. Methods: This research study in order to investigate the Thermal and chemical pain sensation using tail flick and formalin tests, 35 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups of seven animals, including 24 hours of light (24L), 16 hours of light / 8 hours of darkness (16L/8D), 12 hours of light / 12 hours of darkness (control), 8 hours of light / 16 hours of darkness (8L/16D) and 24 hours of darkness (24D) were tested. The study was conducted at the Department of Biology of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, from April to September 2015. Also besides the Rotarod test was performed to determine the general motor activity of animals. Results: In the tail flick test, an increase in the time of darkness elevated the threshold of Thermal pain and subsequently resulted in analgesic effect in the 24 hours of darkness (24D) group (P=0. 03), while reducing the dark period in the group of 16 hours of brightness / 8 hours of darkness caused a reduction in the threshold of Thermal pain, resulting in hyperalgesia (P=0. 002). In the formalin test, the chemical pain score at the end of the chronic phase was significantly increased in the experimental group of 16 hours of brightness / 8 hours of darkness compared to control, indicating hyperalgesia (P=0. 03). Conclusion: Perhaps, alterations in light duration may change the production of melatonin and opioids and their receptors. Therefore, it is expected that reduction of the duration of darkness and thus shortening the period of increased production of melatonin and the subsequent lower expression of opioid receptors, in this group, resulting in a lower Thermal pain threshold and analgesic response.